IGNOU MCA 1st Semester Most Repeated Questions
Curated List of Questions that are repeated frequently in the examinations.
- Last Updated on April 27, 2026
Table of Contents
Here You Will Get The 30 Most Repeated Questions for Each Subject of IGNOU MCA 1st Semester.
In this post, we’ve compiled 30 most repeated questions of MCS-211 , MCS-212 , MCS-213 , MCS-214 , MCS-215 after analyzing previous year papers. This helps you concentrate only on the most important topics.
By practicing these questions, you can:
Score Good in Examinations
Identify Repeating Quetions
Save time with focused study
MCS-211
1 . Write a mathematical definition of asymptotic notations (like Big Oh, Big Omega, or Big Theta) and show an example.
Dec 2021 Q1(a), Dec 2022 Q1(a), June 2023 Q1(b), Dec 2023 Q1(b), June 2025 Q1(f).
2 . Apply Dijkstra’s algorithm to find the shortest path from a starting vertex to all other vertices in a given graph.
Dec 2021 Q2(b), Dec 2022 Q2(b)(i), Dec 2023 Q4(a), June 2024 Q5(a), Dec 2024 Q4(a), June 2025 Q4(b).
3 . Explain the working principle of Floyd-Warshall’s algorithm and apply it to a given graph to find the shortest paths matrix.
Dec 2021 Q5(a), June 2022 Q1(b), Dec 2022 Q4(c), Dec 2023 Q4(c), June 2024 Q5(b), Dec 2024 Q5(a), June 2025 Q1(h).
4 . Explain the use of the master method. Write, interpret, and apply all the three cases to solve recurrence relations.
Found in: Dec 2021 Q5(b), Dec 2022 Q1(c), June 2023 Q2(a), Dec 2023 Q5(vi), June 2025 Q5(b).
5 . Define a fractional knapsack problem as an optimization problem and write a greedy method/algorithm to find an optimal solution.
Dec 2021 Q3(b), June 2022 Q3(c), June 2023 Q5(v), Dec 2024 Q4(b), June 2025 Q4(a).
6 . Explain P, NP, NP-Hard, and NP-Complete classes of problems with appropriate examples, and differentiate between them.
Dec 2021 Q4(b), Dec 2023 Q1(g), June 2024 Q1(e), June 2025 Q1(d) and Q5(a).
7 . Explain the quick sort algorithm using a divide and conquer approach, apply its partition procedure to an array, and analyze its time complexity.
Found in: Dec 2021 Q1(b), Dec 2022 Q3(b), June 2023 Q3(b), June 2024 Q1(f), June 2025 Q2(b).
8 . What is an algorithm? Explain its desirable characteristics or building blocks with the help of an example.
Found in: June 2023 Q1(a), Dec 2023 Q2(a), June 2024 Q1(c), June 2025 Q1(a).
9 . Write Prim’s algorithm for finding a Minimum Spanning Tree, find its time complexity, and apply it to a given graph.
Found in: Dec 2022 Q1(d), Dec 2023 Q5(iv), June 2024 Q2(a), June 2025 Q3(b).
10 . Describe a task scheduling problem as an optimization problem and apply the task scheduling algorithm to minimize time or maximize total profit.
Found in: Dec 2021 Q1(d), Dec 2022 Q5(a), Dec 2023 Q1(e).
11 . Explain the Depth First Search (DFS) algorithm with a suitable example and apply it to a given graph to list the order in which vertices are visited.
Found in: Dec 2021 Q4(a), Dec 2022 Q4(a), June 2023 Q1(e), Dec 2024 Q2(a).
12 . Explain the Breadth First Search (BFS) algorithm with a suitable example and give the breadth-first traversal for an undirected graph.
Found in: Dec 2023 Q1(d), Dec 2024 Q2(a).
13 . What is the Matrix Chain Multiplication problem? Explain how dynamic programming can be used to solve it and find an optimal parenthesization.
Found in: Dec 2021 Q1(e), June 2023 Q4(b), Dec 2024 Q3(b), June 2025 Q1(g).
14 . Write and explain the binary search algorithm (or recursive binary search) and evaluate its time complexity in the best and worst cases.
Found in: June 2023 Q1(d), June 2024 Q1(b), Dec 2024 Q1(e).
15 . Explain string matching algorithms (like the naive string matching algorithm) and derive their best or worst-case time complexities.
Found in: Dec 2021 Q2(a), Dec 2023 Q4(b), June 2024 Q1(h).
16 . Describe the basic principle of the Knuth-Morris-Pratt (KMP) algorithm for string matching and explain the process of building the LPS array.
Found in: Dec 2022 Q5(b), Dec 2023 Q4(b).
17 . Explain the concept of a rolling hash function applied in the Rabin-Karp algorithm for string matching with the help of an example.
Found in: June 2022 Q4(a), June 2023 Q4(c).
18 . Apply Huffman’s algorithm to construct an optimal Huffman tree and binary prefix code for a given set of letters and their frequencies.
Found in: June 2022 Q5(c), Dec 2022 Q1(e), June 2023 Q3(a), Dec 2024 Q1(g).
19 . What is Euclid’s algorithm to find the GCD of two given integers? Write the steps involved in finding the GCD.
Found in: Dec 2023 Q1(a), Dec 2024 Q1(a).
20 . Apply Horner’s method (or Horner’s rule) for evaluating a polynomial expression at a given value of x and show stepwise iterations.
Found in: Dec 2021 Q3(a), June 2023 Q2(b), Dec 2023 Q2(c).
21 . Write and explain the linear search algorithm and perform an analysis for its best case, worst case, and average case scenarios.
Found in: Dec 2023 Q1(c), June 2025 Q1(b).
22 . Write the Bubble Sort Algorithm, apply it to a given sequence of numbers, and calculate its best and worst-case time complexities.
Found in: June 2022 Q4(c), Dec 2024 Q2(b).
23 . Explain the merge sort algorithm using a divide and conquer approach, apply it to sort an array, and analyze its best and worst-case time complexities.
Found in: Dec 2023 Q3(b), Dec 2024 Q3(a), June 2025 Q3(a).
24 . Write Kruskal’s algorithm to find a minimum cost spanning tree and show the step-by-step execution for a given graph.
Found in: June 2022 Q1(e), June 2023 Q4(a).
25 . Define topological ordering of a graph and write an algorithm to find the topological ordering or apply it to a specific graph.
Found in: June 2022 Q1(c), June 2024 Q2(b), Dec 2024 Q1(f).
26 . Define the substitution method and use it to solve a given recurrence relation.
Found in: June 2022 Q1(d), June 2023 Q1(c).
27 . What are Optimization and Decision problems? Differentiate between them and formulate given problems into both categories.
Found in: June 2022 Q4(c), June 2023 Q1(g), Dec 2023 Q5(iii).
28 . Explain Strassen’s Matrix Multiplication Algorithm and apply it to multiply two given matrices.
Found in: June 2024 Q1(d), June 2025 Q2(a).
29 . Explain what an Adjacency matrix is and show how a given graph is represented through an adjacency matrix.
Found in: Dec 2021 Q4(a), June 2023 Q3(c), Dec 2023 Q3(c), June 2025 Q1(e).
30 . Using mathematical induction, prove a given mathematical statement (e.g., the sum of the first n positive integers or squares).
Found in: Dec 2023 Q2(b), June 2024 Q1(a).
MCS-212
1 . Using proof by contradiction, demonstrate that the square root of a number (such as 2, 3, or 5) is irrational.
Found in Dec 2021 (1 b), Dec 2024 (1 a), June 2025 (1 b)
2 . Differentiate between predicate and propositional logic, and write De Morgan’s laws for both.
Found in Dec 2022 (1 a), Dec 2024 (4 b), June 2024 (1 b)
3 . Differentiate between Turing Acceptable Language and Turing Decidable Language.
Found in June 2023 (5 b), June 2024 (1 h), Dec 2024 (2 c)
4 . Briefly discuss or write short notes on the Halting problem.
Found in Dec 2022 (4 b), June 2024 (3 c ii), Dec 2024 (5 c ii)
5 . Write short notes on the Undecidable problem.
Found in June 2024 (3 c i), Dec 2024 (5 c i)
6 . Write and prove the Handshaking theorem or explain it with a suitable example.
Found in Dec 2022 (2 c), Dec 2023 (1 j), Dec 2024 (1 g)
7 . Differentiate between Deterministic Finite Automata (DFA) and Non-deterministic Finite Automata (NDFA).
Found in Dec 2021 (1 e), Dec 2022 (4 a i), Dec 2024 (5 a i)
8 . Compare or differentiate between Moore machines and Mealy machines.
Found in Dec 2022 (4 a ii), Dec 2023 (3 b), June 2025 (5 a)
9 . What is Kleene closure and how do you find it for a given set of alphabets?
Found in June 2023 (1 d), Dec 2023 (1 f), Dec 2024 (2 a, 5 a ii), June 2025 (2 a)
10 . What is a bipartite graph, and can you explain it with examples or applications?
Found in Dec 2021 (1 j), June 2022 (5 c), June 2023 (2 d), Dec 2023 (5 i), Dec 2024 (2 d)
11 . Show that the logical expression is a tautology.
Found in Dec 2021 (2 a), June 2023 (1 h), Dec 2023 (1 b)
12 . Prove that the logical expression is equivalent.
Found in Dec 2024 (3 b), June 2025 (3 a)
13 . State or briefly discuss the Pigeonhole principle with a suitable example.
Found in Dec 2022 (1 h), Dec 2023 (1 i), Dec 2024 (2 b)
14 . What is the chromatic number of a graph, and what is the chromatic number for a given graph?
Found in June 2023 (3 b), Dec 2024 (3 c), June 2025 (3 b)
15 . Explain isomorphic graphs and the conditions of isomorphism with suitable examples.
Found in June 2022 (1 i), June 2023 (2 c), June 2024 (5 i), Dec 2024 (3 d ii)
16 . Explain or write short notes on Paths, Circuits, and Cycles in a graph.
Found in Dec 2022 (5 b), Dec 2023 (5 ii), June 2024 (5 iii), June 2025 (4 c)
17 . Differentiate between an Eulerian graph and a Hamiltonian graph, and explain them with examples.
Found in Dec 2021 (5 c), June 2022 (5 d), June 2023 (1 g, 3 c i), Dec 2023 (5 iv), June 2024 (5 iv, 5 v), Dec 2024 (4 d), June 2025 (3 c)
18 . State or briefly explain the travelling salesperson problem.
Found in Dec 2021 (5 d), Dec 2023 (5 v)
19 . Write short notes on Planar graphs.
Found in Dec 2023 (5 vi), Dec 2024 (3 d i)
20 . Define the Degree of a vertex in the context of a graph.
Found in Dec 2021 (5 a iii), June 2022 (5 a iii), Dec 2022 (5 b iv)
21 . Find the inverse of a given algebraic function f(x).
Found in June 2023 (1 c), Dec 2023 (1 e)
22 . Write the pseudo-code for Floyd Warshall’s Algorithm and apply it to find the shortest path.
Found in Dec 2023 (2 b), June 2024 (2 b)
23 . In how many ways can we select two persons from a group to become President/Chairman and Vice President/Vice-Chairman?
Found in Dec 2022 (1 f), June 2023 (1 e), June 2024 (1 i)
24 . How many three-letter words can be formed using the English alphabet where a vowel is in the middle position?
Found in Dec 2021 (1 h), Dec 2022 (3 b)
25 . Briefly discuss the Inclusion-Exclusion principle and its applications with suitable examples.
Found in June 2023 (1 f), Dec 2023 (1 i, 4 c), June 2024 (4 c)
26 . What is a power set, and how do you find the power set for given sets?
Found in Dec 2021 (3 a), Dec 2022 (1 g)
27 . What is a regular expression, and what are the rules to develop it?
Found in June 2022 (1 d), Dec 2022 (3 c), June 2023 (5 a ii), June 2024 (1 g)
28 . Determine the recurrence relation for the number of comparisons required to sort a list of n integers.
Found in June 2023 (5 c), Dec 2023 (4 d)
29 . Generate or explain the recurrence relation for Fibonacci numbers.
Found in Dec 2021 (4 d), June 2025 (5 c)
30 . Using mathematical induction, show that the given recurrence relation holds.
Found in June 2023 (2 a), June 2024 (1 j), Dec 2024 (1 e)
MCS-213
1 . List and explain various phases of Waterfall model.
Found in Dec 2021 ( 1 c ) , June 2023 ( 1 d i ) , June 2024(1b)
2 . Explain COCOMO model in detail (including levels and software project classes).
Found in Dec 2021 (4 b) , June 2023 ( 5 c ) , June 2024 ( 1 d )
3 . What is Black Box Testing? How does it differ from White Box Testing?
Found in Dec 2021 ( 2 a ) , June 2024 ( 2 b )
4 . Discuss the various sections or provide an outline of an SRS (Software Requirements Specification).
Found in Dec 2021 ( 2 b ) , June 2024 ( 1 c )
5 . What is meant by “Functional Requirements”? How are they different from “Non-functional Requirements”?
Found in Dec 2021 ( 1 d ) , Dec 2023 ( 2 a )
6 . Define the term “Risk” and explain different phases or techniques of Risk Management.
Found in Dec 2021 ( 5 a ) , Dec 2022 ( 3 b ) , Dec 2023 ( 3 b ) , Dec 2024 ( 4 b )
7 . List and explain various techniques or processes for Requirement Gathering.
Found in Dec 2021 ( 5 b ) , Dec 2023 ( 2 a )
8 . Draw the first three levels of DFDs for a specific system (e.g., Library, Student, or Railway Information System).
Found in Dec 2021 ( 4 a ) , Dec 2022 ( 5 a ) , June 2022 ( 4 a )
9 . What are the steps or methods involved in Software Project Estimation?
Found in Dec 2021 ( 3 a ) , Dec 2022 ( 1 a ) , June 2023 ( 1 c )
10 . Define Cleanroom Software Engineering and discuss its underlying principles or significance.
Found in June 2022 ( 1 a ) , June 2023 ( 3a ) , Dec 2024 ( 3a )
11 . What is Cohesion? Explain various types of cohesion.
Found in June 2022 ( 3 b ) , Dec 2024 ( 5 b )
12 . Define software quality and list attributes or metrics used for its measurement.
Found in Dec 2023 ( 2 b ) , June 2023 ( 2 b ) , June 2024 (2a)
13 . Define the re-engineering process and explain how it differs from reverse engineering.
Found in Dec 2022 ( 5 b ) , Dec 2023 ( 1 d ) , June 2024 ( 5 b )
14 . Explain various steps involved in Debugging.
Found in Dec 2022 ( 1 c ) , Dec 2024 ( 2 b )
15 . Explain approaches or elements of mobile application development (Native, RMAD, PWAs).
Found in June 2023 ( 1 a ) , Dec 2023 ( 5 b ) , Dec 2024 ( 4 a ) , June 2024 ( 3 b )
16 . What are CASE tools? Explain various categories of CASE tools.
Found in June 2023 ( 4 b ) , Dec 2024 ( 3 b )
17 . Explain Putnam’s model for estimation.
Found in Dec 2023 ( 5 d ) , Dec 2024 ( 1 b )
18 . Write a short note on “Human Computer Interface (HCI)”.
Found in Dec 2022 ( 2 a ) , June 2023 ( 2 a )
19 . What is meant by “Change Management”? Explain the process of Change Management.
Found in June 2022 ( 3 a ) , Dec 2023 ( 3 a i )
20 . What is Prototyping or the Prototype Model? Explain types and benefits of developing a prototype.
Found in Dec 2023 ( 5 c ) , Dec 2024 ( 1 a )
21 . What are the different levels of the Capability Maturity Model (SEI-CMM)?
Found in June 2022 ( 1 d ) , June 2024 ( 1 a )
22 . Explain Behavioral UML diagrams (Activity/Use-case) or provide a classification of UML diagrams.
Found in Dec 2023 ( 1 b ) , June 2024 ( 4 b )
23 . List and explain various phases of the Spiral Model.
Found in June 2022 ( 1 b ) , June 2023 ( 1 d ii )
24 . Discuss the optimizations related to Project Management and Development/Architecture in the First Time Right (FTR) framework.
Found in June 2023 ( 1 b ) , Dec 2023 ( 4 a )
25 . Describe the phases involved in the data science life cycle or methods of Data Analysis.
Found in Dec 2023 ( 1 c ) , June 2024 ( 4 a )
26 . Define “Software Review” or explain the objectives of a “Formal Technical Review (FTR)”.
Found in Dec 2021 ( 1 a ) , Dec 2024 ( 2 a )
27 . List and discuss emerging trends in software engineering (such as Low Code platforms or Containerization).
Found in June 2023 ( 3 b ) , Dec 2023 ( 4 b )
28 . Explain the software design process or architectural and modular design aspects.
Found in Dec 2023 ( 1 a ) , June 2024 ( 5 a )
29 . Discuss the management, development, or testing of Web-based projects/applications.
Found in June 2023 ( 4 a ) , Dec 2024 ( 1 c )
30 . Develop an SRS for a specific system (e.g., Hospital Management or Railway Reservation).
Found in June 2022 ( 2 b ) , Dec 2022 ( 2 b )
MCS-214
1 . Give a title to the passage and give reasons for it / explain why it is appropriate.
Found in Dec 2021 ( 1 a iv ) , Dec 2022 ( 1 a v ) , Dec 2023 ( 1 a v ) , June 2023 ( 1 a v ) , June 2024 ( 1 a vi ) , June 2025 ( 1 a iv )
2 . Leading an ethical life both personally and professionally / Role of ethics in personal and professional life / Significance of ethical life.
Found in Dec 2021 ( 2 iv ) , June 2022 ( 2 ii ) , June 2024 ( 2 iii ) , Dec 2024 ( 2 iv ) , June 2025 ( 2 iii )
3 . What constitutes plagiarism? / What is plagiarism and why is it considered an ethical breach?
Found in Dec 2021 ( 2 iii ) , Dec 2025 ( 1 a i )
4 . Building self-confidence / Value of self-confidence.
Found in Dec 2021 ( 2 ii ) , June 2024 ( 2 i )
5 . Barriers to communication.
Found in Dec 2022 ( 2 a ) , June 2025 ( 2 iv ) , June 2025 ( 5 )
6 . How to be successful in a group discussion / Skills required for group discussion / Group Discussion.
Found in Dec 2022 ( 2 c ) , Dec 2024 ( 2 ii ) , June 2025 ( 2 ii )
7 . A brief history of Copyright / Copyright law / Copyright issues.
Found in Dec 2022 ( 2 e ) , June 2022 ( 2 i ) , Dec 2024 ( 2 iii )
8 . Write a letter to a friend about your new job in an IT company / sharing about your new job experiences.
Found in Dec 2021 ( 4 ) , June 2024 ( 5 )
9 . Social media etiquette / Impact of social media.
Found in Dec 2023 ( 2 iv ) , Dec 2024 ( 2 i ) , June 2025 ( 2 i )
10 . The qualities of a star performer / Qualities that employees must develop if they want to be successful.
Found in Dec 2021 ( 2 i ) , Dec 2022 ( 2 d )
11 . How does plagiarism affect professional life?
Found in June 2024 ( 2 ii ) , Dec 2025 ( 1 a iii )
12 . What are some of the consequences of plagiarism in educational settings?
Found in June 2024 ( 2 ii ) , Dec 2025 ( 1 a ii )
13 . What are some of the strategies for preventing plagiarism?
Found in Dec 2021 ( 2 iii ) , Dec 2025 ( 1 a v )
14 . Write a letter to your friend sharing details of a newly offered course / new online course.
Found in Dec 2023 ( 4 ) , Dec 2024 ( 5 )
15 . Personal and social competence.
Found in June 2022 ( 2 iii ) , Dec 2024 ( 5 iii )
16 . Write a detailed note on different types of communication and barriers affecting the process.
Found in June 2025 ( 5 ) , Dec 2022 ( 2 a )
17 . Explain automation and its social consequences / What are Sir Leon’s views on automation?
Found in June 2023 ( 1 a i ) , June 2023 ( 1 a iii )
18 . Why can’t computers lead independent lives or rule the world?
Found in June 2023 ( 1 a ii ) , June 2023 ( 1 a iv )
19 . Write a detailed note on the major types of Group Discussion and effective ways to perform in a GD.
Found in Dec 2025 ( 5 ) , June 2025 ( 2 ii )
20 . Rewrite the sentence beginning with “They”: The house/car/furniture is being sold.
Found in Dec 2021 ( 3 ii c ) , Dec 2025 ( 1 b ii ) , June 2025 ( 1 b iii )
21 . Rewrite the sentence beginning with “Please”: You are requested to maintain silence / maintain calm / come on time.
Found in Dec 2021 ( 3 ii d ) , Dec 2023 ( 3 b iv ) , Dec 2025 ( 1 b iii ) , June 2023 ( 3 II iv ) , June 2025 ( 1 b ii )
22 . Rewrite the sentence beginning with “Heavy rainfall” or “Heavy floods”: The crop has been destroyed / The train has been delayed.
Found in Dec 2021 ( 3 ii a ) , June 2023 ( 3 II i )
23 . Rewrite the sentence beginning with “The meeting” or “The discussion”: We will hold the meeting / We will hold the discussion.
Found in Dec 2021 ( 3 ii b ) , Dec 2025 ( 1 b iv )
24 . Rewrite the sentence beginning with the name of the competition or course: The college/university has organised/launched [a competition/course].
Found in Dec 2021 ( 3 ii e ) , June 2023 ( 3 II v ) , Dec 2025 ( 1 b v ) , June 2025 ( 1 b v )
25 . What are the prime advantages of having a Bullet train?
Found in June 2024 ( 1 a ii ) , June 2024 ( 1 a i context )
26 . Rewrite the sentence beginning with “Bad weather”: [The girl has been feeling sick because of the weather / Bad weather has blocked all plans].
Found in Dec 2023 ( 3 b i ) , Dec 2025 ( 1 b i )
27 . Make sentences of your own with the phrasal verb “call on” in such a way that the meaning becomes clear.
Found in Dec 2024 ( 4 vii ) , June 2024 ( 4 x )
28 . How does plagiarism affect trust and credibility of those who commit it?
Found in Dec 2025 ( 1 a iv ) , June 2024 ( 2 ii context )
29. Rewrite the sentence beginning with “A new uniform” or “A car”: [She has stitched a new uniform / We will buy a car by next year].
Found in Dec 2023 ( 3 b v ) , June 2023 ( 3 II ii )
30 . Discuss the financial management or funding arrangements for the HSR (High Speed Rail) project.
Found in June 2024 ( 1 a v ) , June 2024 ( 1 a i context )
MCS-215
1 . Discuss the core elements of data security.
Found in Dec 2021 ( 2 ) , Dec 2024 ( 4 )
2 . Write a note on Cyber Forensics.
Found in Dec 2022 ( 3 ) , Dec 2023 ( 5 i ) , Dec 2024 ( 5 ) , June 2023 ( 5 a )
3 . Describe the RSA algorithm.
Found in Dec 2021 ( 5 ) , Dec 2024 ( 3 )
4 . How is cyber crime different from traditional crime?
Found in Dec 2021 ( 1 d ) , June 2023 ( 4 b )
5 . Discuss security issues in Cyberspace.
Found in Dec 2022 ( 2 ) , June 2023 ( 1 a ) , June 2024 ( 2 )
6 . Explain the six principles of security management.
Found in Dec 2022 ( 5 ) , June 2024 ( 4 )
7 . Explain the role of filtering devices and rating systems.
Found in Dec 2021 ( 1 c ) , Dec 2023 ( 4 b ) , June 2023 ( 4 a )
8 . What are the needs for regulating the cyber-space?
Found in Dec 2022 ( 1 d ) , Dec 2023 ( 4 a )
9 . Discuss the UNCITRAL Model Law.
Found in June 2022 ( 1 d ) , June 2024 ( 1 d )
10 . Explain the benefits of digital security.
Found in June 2022 ( 1 b ) , June 2024 ( 1 a )
11 . Explain the concept and uses of digital signature.
Found in June 2022 ( 1 a ) , June 2023 ( 3 a )
12 . Discuss the acts for which a person is liable to pay damages under the Information Technology Act.
Found in June 2022 ( 3 ) , June 2024 ( 5 )
13 . Explain the liability of network service providers.
Found in Dec 2023 ( 1 c ) , Dec 2024 ( 1 c )
14 . What are the remedies available against infringement of trademark?
Found in Dec 2024 ( 1 b ) , June 2023 ( 5 b )
15 . Discuss Trademark issues and infringement.
Found in Dec 2023 ( 1 d ) , Dec 2024 ( 1 a )
16 . What is meant by Encryption?
Found in Dec 2024 ( 3 ) , June 2024 ( 3 )
17 . Discuss Copyright and related rights.
Found in Dec 2022 ( 1 b ) , June 2023 ( 1 d i )
18 . Explain Framing in the context of cyber laws.
Found in June 2022 ( 2 ) , Dec 2023 ( 5 iv )
19 . Explain the classification of cyber crimes.
Found in Dec 2023 ( 5 ii ) , June 2023 ( 4 b )
20 . How can technology provide solutions to cyber-attacks?
Found in Dec 2024 ( 2 ) , June 2023 ( 2 a )
21 . Explain Malwares as a security issue.
Found in Dec 2023 ( 2 b ) , June 2023 ( 2 a ii )
22 . Explain Phishing as a security issue.
Found in Dec 2023 ( 2 e ) , June 2023 ( 2 a iii )
23 . Discuss the regulation of cyberspace in India.
Found in Dec 2022 ( 4 ) , June 2023 ( 4 a )
24 . Explain the principles of data security (Confidentiality, Integrity, and Availability).
Found in Dec 2023 ( 1 b ) , June 2023 ( 1 b )
25 . Distinguish between Symmetric key and Public key encryption.
Found in June 2024 ( 3 ) , Dec 2022 ( 1 c ) , Dec 2023 ( 3 a )
26 . What is the use and functions of cryptography?
Found in June 2023 ( 2 b ) , June 2024 ( 1 b )
27 . Explain the concept of Patents.
Found in June 2023 ( 1 d ii ) , June 2024 ( 1 c )
28 . Discuss various data security measures.
Found in June 2022 ( 5 ) , Dec 2023 ( 3 b )
29 . Explain Access security/Unauthorized access.
Found in Dec 2023 ( 3 b iii ) , June 2023 ( 2 a i )
30 . Explain the concept of Cryptography.
Found in Dec 2021 ( 5 ) , June 2023 ( 2 b )