IGNOU MCA 3rd Semester Most Repeated Questions
Curated List of Questions that are repeated frequently in the examinations.
- Last Updated on April 28, 2026
Table of Contents
Here You Will Get The 30 Most Repeated Questions for IGNOU MCA 3rd Semester.
In this post, we’ve compiled 30 high-frequency questions from MCS-224 to MCS-227 after analyzing previous year papers. This helps you concentrate only on the most important topics.
IGNOU often repeats key questions across term-end exams, making it a smart strategy for scoring better with less effort.
By practicing these questions, you can:
Score Good in Examinations
Identify scoring topics
Save time with focused study
MCS-224
1 . Compare Artificial Intelligence (AI), Machine Learning and Deep Learning.
Found in Dec 2022 ( 1 a ) , Dec 2023 ( 2 a ) , Dec 2024 ( 1 b )
2 . What is Dimensionality Reduction ? Briefly discuss the ways to achieve it / Explain the term ‘Dimensionality Reduction’. Name the general techniques used to perform it.
Found in June 2022 ( 1 h ) , June 2023 ( 2 b iv ) , Dec 2023 ( 1 f ) , Dec 2024 ( 1 h )
3 . What is Logistic Regression ? Briefly discuss the various types of logistic regressions.
Found in Dec 2022 ( 1 g ) , June 2022 ( 4 b iii ) , June 2023 ( 5 g ) , Dec 2024 ( 1 c )
4 . Compare supervised learning and unsupervised learning / Briefly discuss the following: (ii) Supervised learning (iii) Unsupervised learning.
Found in Dec 2022 ( 2 b ii, iii ) , June 2022 ( 1 f ) , Dec 2024 ( 1 a )
5 . Differentiate between linear regression and polynomial regression techniques.
Found in Dec 2022 ( 1 h ) , June 2022 ( 4 b i, iv ) , June 2024 ( 4 c iii )
6 . Write algorithm for BFS (Breadth-First Search). Write the time complexity and space complexity of BFS.
Found in Dec 2022 ( 1 c ) , Dec 2023 ( 2 c ) , June 2023 ( 4 a ii )
7 . Write DFS (Depth-First Search) algorithm. Give time and space complexity of DFS algorithm. Also give its advantage and disadvantage.
Found in June 2022 ( 1 c ) , June 2023 ( 4 a ii ) , June 2024 ( 2 c )
8 . Briefly discuss the Min-Max Search Strategy. What are the properties of Minimax Algorithm ? Also give advantages and disadvantages.
Found in Dec 2022 ( 3 a ) , June 2023 ( 1 b ) , June 2024 ( 2 b )
9 . Differentiate between the following: (i) Classification techniques and Regression techniques / How regression differs from classification ?
Found in Dec 2022 ( 3 b i ) , June 2022 ( 4 b ) , Dec 2023 ( 4 b )
10 . Explain Turing test with suitable example / Explain Turing test, with the help of a block diagram. Also, discuss Chinese room test.
Found in Dec 2023 ( 1 b ) , June 2023 ( 2 a ) , June 2024 ( 1 b )
11 . Write short notes on K-Nearest Neighbour (K-NN) / Apply KNN classification algorithm to the following training data.
Found in Dec 2022 ( 5 h ) , Dec 2023 ( 4 c ii ) , Dec 2024 ( 4 a )
12 . Write short notes on Principal Component Analysis (PCA) / Using PCA algorithm, calculate the principal component.
Found in Dec 2022 ( 5 i ) , Dec 2024 ( 3 b ) , June 2024 ( 5 a )
13 . Compare / Differentiate between clustering and classification technique. List any two algorithms for each.
Found in Dec 2023 ( 1 a ) , June 2022 ( 4 b ) , June 2024 ( 1 g )
14 . Briefly discuss the formulation of state space search, with a suitable example / Explain the state space representation of Water-Jug Problem (WJP).
Found in June 2022 ( 1 b ) , Dec 2023 ( 2 b ) , June 2023 ( 3 a )
15 . What is Ensemble Learning ? / Write short notes on Ensemble Methods.
Found in Dec 2022 ( 5 g ) , June 2023 ( 1 f ) , Dec 2024 ( 1 g )
16 . Briefly discuss the relevance of resolution and unification mechanism in AI / Explain the concept of resolution and unification in AI.
Found in June 2022 ( 1 e ) , Dec 2023 ( 3 b ) , June 2024 ( 3 b )
17 . What is Reinforcement Learning ? Classify the various reinforcement learning algorithms / Explain reinforcement learning with the help of a block diagram.
Found in Dec 2022 ( 1 f ) , Dec 2023 ( 4 a ) , June 2024 ( 4 a )
18 . Draw the block diagram of machine learning cycle and briefly discuss the role of each of its components / State the basic steps of machine learning cycle.
Found in June 2022 ( 2 b ) , June 2024 ( 1 e ) , Dec 2024 ( 1 f )
19 . Write short notes on Rule based systems and its types / Briefly discuss Rule-based machine learning.
Found in June 2022 ( 5 a ) , June 2023 ( 2 b i ) , Dec 2023 ( 3 c )
20 . Write and explain Bayes’ theorem and elaborate the meaning of each component in it / Write and explain Naive Bayes’ algorithm.
Found in June 2022 ( 1 g ) , June 2023 ( 5 h ) , June 2024 ( 4 b )
21 . Differentiate between K-NN algorithm and K-means algorithm / Explain K-means clustering algorithm with the help of a suitable example.
Found in Dec 2023 ( 4 c ii ) , June 2023 ( 5 j ) , Dec 2024 ( 2 a )
22 . Write short notes on Semantic Nets / Draw a semantic network for the following English statement.
Found in Dec 2022 ( 5 b ) , June 2024 ( 3 c iii ) , Dec 2024 ( 5 a )
23 . Discuss support vector regression / Write short notes on Support Vector Machines.
Found in Dec 2022 ( 4 b ) , June 2022 ( 5 g ) , June 2024 ( 4 c i, ii )
24 . Write short notes on Association Rules / Generate association rules using Apriori algorithm / Briefly discuss Apriori Algorithm.
Found in Dec 2022 ( 5 j ) , June 2024 ( 5 b ) , Dec 2024 ( 3 a )
25 . Write short notes on Forward Chaining / Backward Chaining / Explain forward chaining systems with suitable example.
Found in Dec 2022 ( 5 a ) , Dec 2023 ( 1 d ) , June 2023 ( 5 a ) , June 2024 ( 1 d )
26 . Draw confusion matrix and write formula for accuracy, precision, sensitivity and specificity / Write short notes on Confusion matrix.
Found in June 2022 ( 5 h ) , June 2023 ( 1 g ) , Dec 2023 ( 4 b )
27 . Symbolize the following sentences: (Every rational number is a real number, Some real numbers are rational, etc.) / Translate the following into English sentences.
Found in Dec 2023 ( 3 a ) , Dec 2024 ( 1 d ) , June 2024 ( 3 a )
28 . Briefly discuss the Adversarial search. Name the techniques used for adversarial search. Found in Dec 2022 ( 1 b ) , June 2022 ( 3 a ) , June 2023 ( 1 b )
29 . Explain the working of partition based clustering / Discuss Hierarchical Clustering / Explain Single linkage, Complete linkage and Average linkage.
Found in Dec 2023 ( 1 g ) , June 2024 ( 5 c ) , Dec 2024 ( 2 b )
30 . Write short notes on Recurrent Neural Networks / Discuss how biological neuron relates to Artificial Neuron.
Found in Dec 2022 ( 5 e ) , June 2022 ( 5 e ) , June 2023 ( 1 h )
MCS-225
1 . Discuss the factors influencing working capital requirements.
Found in Dec 2022 ( 4 ) , June 2023 ( 6 ) , June 2024 ( 6 )
2 . Discuss the stages/steps involved in the capital budgeting decision process.
Found in Dec 2022 ( 5 ) , June 2023 ( 5 ) , June 2024 ( 5 )
3 . Discuss the importance of capital investment decisions.
Found in Dec 2022 ( 5 ) , June 2023 ( 5 ) , June 2024 ( 5 )
4 . Explain the Accrual concept of accounting.
Found in June 2023 ( 1 c ) , Dec 2024 ( 1 b )
5 . Explain the ‘Operating Cycle’ concept used for computing/determining working capital.
Found in Dec 2022 ( 4 ) , Dec 2023 ( 5 ) , June 2023 ( 6 )
6 . Explain the Matching concept of accounting.
Found in Dec 2022 ( 2 ii ) , June 2023 ( 1 d ) , Dec 2024 ( 1 c )
7 . Explain the Going Concern concept of accounting.
Found in June 2022 ( 2 iii ) , Dec 2023 ( 2 c ) , Dec 2024 ( 1 a )
8 . What is a Cash Flow Statement?
Found in Dec 2022 ( 3 ) , June 2023 ( 3 ) , Dec 2024 ( 3 )
9 . Explain the reasons/objectives for holding inventory.
Found in Dec 2022 ( 7 ) , Dec 2023 ( 7 ) , June 2023 ( 8 )
10 . Explain the quantitative impact of relaxing credit standards/collection efforts on profits.
Found in Dec 2022 ( 6 ) , June 2022 ( 6 ) , June 2023 ( 7 )
11 . What are the different types of financial ratios?
Found in June 2022 ( 3 ) , Dec 2023 ( 3 )
12 . How is information in an annual report useful to internal and external users?
Found in Dec 2022 ( 8 ) , June 2023 ( 4 ) , June 2024 ( 4 )
13 . What do you understand by ‘Working Capital’?
Found in June 2022 ( 5 ) , Dec 2023 ( 5 ) , June 2024 ( 6 )
14 . What do you understand by cost of capital?
Found in June 2022 ( 4 ) , Dec 2023 ( 6 ) , June 2024 ( 7 )
15 . Explain the different types/categories of investment decisions.
Found in Dec 2022 ( 5 ) , June 2023 ( 5 ) , June 2024 ( 5 )
16 . Explain why wealth maximization is superior to profit maximization.
Found in Dec 2023 ( 4 ) , Dec 2024 ( 5 )
17 . Discuss and evaluate various ‘Solvency Ratios’.
Found in June 2022 ( 3 ) , Dec 2023 ( 3 ) , June 2024 ( 1 )
18 . Explain the Economic Order Quantity (EOQ) approach of inventory management.
Found in Dec 2022 ( 7 ) , Dec 2023 ( 7 )
19 . What is an ‘Annual Report’ of a company?
Found in Dec 2022 ( 8 ) , June 2023 ( 4 )
20 . Explain the various techniques/methods used to determine the cost of equity capital.
Found in June 2022 ( 4 ) , Dec 2023 ( 6 )
21 . Discuss the motives for holding cash.
Found in June 2022 ( 7 ) , Dec 2023 ( 8 )
22 . Explain the Baumol’s model for determining optimum cash balance.
Found in June 2022 ( 7 ) , Dec 2023 ( 8 )
23 . Explain the Business Entity concept of accounting.
Found in June 2022 ( 2 i ) , June 2023 ( 1 a )
24 . Explain the Cost concept of accounting.
Found in June 2022 ( 2 ii ) , Dec 2023 ( 2 b )
25 . Explain the Materiality concept of accounting.
Found in June 2022 ( 2 iv ) , Dec 2024 ( 1 e )
26 . Explain the Dual Aspect (Duality) concept of accounting.
Found in Dec 2022 ( 2 i ) , June 2023 ( 1 b )
27 . Explain the concept of Conservatism.
Found in Dec 2022 ( 2 iii ) , Dec 2024 ( 1 d )
28 . What are the objectives of financial management?
Found in Dec 2023 ( 4 ) , Dec 2024 ( 5 )
29 . Discuss the disclosures made in an annual report.
Found in Dec 2022 ( 8 ) , June 2023 ( 4 )
30 . Briefly discuss credit policy variables (such as credit standards and credit period).
Found in Dec 2022 ( 6 ) , June 2022 ( 6 ) , June 2023 ( 7 )
MCS-226
1 . What is Data Science? What are its applications?
Found in June 2022 ( 1 a ) , June 2023 ( 1 a ) , Dec 2024 ( 1 a )
2 . Explain the characteristics of semi-structured data.
Found in Dec 2022 ( 1 a i ) , Dec 2023 ( 3 a ii ) , Dec 2024 ( 1 a )
3 . Explain the characteristics of unstructured data.
Found in Dec 2022 ( 1 a ii ) , Dec 2023 ( 3 a iii ) , Dec 2024 ( 1 a )
4 . Explain the characteristics of Big data (the four V’s).
Found in Dec 2022 ( 3 a ) , June 2022 ( 1 c ) , June 2024 ( 3 a )
5 . What is the map-reduce paradigm? Explain with the help of an example.
Found in Dec 2022 ( 3 b ) , June 2022 ( 1 d ) , June 2023 ( 4 a ) , Dec 2023 ( 1 d )
6 . Explain the word count problem and provide pseudo-code or steps for its implementation in MapReduce.
Found in Dec 2022 ( 3 b ) , Dec 2023 ( 4 a ) , June 2024 ( 3 b )
7 . What is Apache Spark? List its main features and architecture components.
Found in Dec 2022 ( 3 c i ) , Dec 2023 ( 1 e ) , June 2022 ( 3 c ) , June 2023 ( 1 e ) , Dec 2024 ( 1 c )
8 . Briefly discuss the purpose and utility of Link Analysis in data science.
Found in Dec 2023 ( 1 g ) , June 2024 ( 1 e ) , Dec 2024 ( 3 c )
9 . Explain the PageRank algorithm with the help of a suitable example.
Found in June 2022 ( 4 c ) , June 2023 ( 1 g ) , June 2024 ( 4 a ) , Dec 2024 ( 3 c )
10 . Define and explain Vectors in the context of R-programming with examples.
Found in Dec 2022 ( 1 g iii ) , Dec 2023 ( 1 h i ) , June 2022 ( 5 a iv )
11 . What is a Box Plot? List the commands or steps in R programming used to create and interpret it.
Found in Dec 2022 ( 5 b ) , Dec 2023 ( 1 c ) , June 2022 ( 2 d ) , June 2023 ( 2 a ii ) , Dec 2024 ( 5 a ii )
12 . What is Logistic Regression? Write the steps for how R programming can be used to create this model.
Found in Dec 2022 ( 1 h ) , Dec 2023 ( 2 b ) , June 2024 ( 5 i ) , Dec 2024 ( 5 b )
13 . What is a Decision Tree? Explain the steps or role of R programming in making one.
Found in Dec 2022 ( 5 d ) , Dec 2023 ( 2 c ) , June 2023 ( 2 c ) , Dec 2024 ( 5 c )
14 . What are NoSQL databases and why are they used in Big Data?
Found in Dec 2022 ( 1 e ) , June 2022 ( 3 d ) , June 2024 ( 1 c )
15 . What is Data Cleaning? Discuss the best practices and its importance.
Found in Dec 2022 ( 2 c iii ) , Dec 2023 ( 2 a ) , June 2022 ( 2 c )
16 . Explain the concept of Data Pre-processing with the help of an example.
Found in Dec 2022 ( 2 c i ) , June 2022 ( 2 c ) , Dec 2024 ( 1 d )
17 . Explain Bayes’ Theorem with a suitable equation and example.
Found in June 2023 ( 1 b ) , June 2024 ( 1 b ) , Dec 2024 ( 1 b )
18 . What is Conditional Probability? Describe its components and equation.
Found in Dec 2023 ( 1 b ) , June 2024 ( 1 b ) , June 2023 ( 1 b )
19 . What are Data Streams? Explain how they differ from traditional databases.
Found in Dec 2022 ( 1 d ) , June 2023 ( 1 f ) , June 2024 ( 4 b )
20 . Differentiate between Data Stream Management System (DSMS) and Data Base Management System (DBMS).
Found in Dec 2023 ( 1 f ) , June 2024 ( 4 b ) , June 2023 ( 1 f )
21 . What is a Scatter Plot? Explain how to draw it using R-programming.
Found in Dec 2023 ( 3 c ) , June 2023 ( 2 a v ) , June 2024 ( 1 f iv ) , Dec 2024 ( 1 g )
22 . What are Random Forests? Write the pseudo-code or steps for R-programming implementation.
Found in Dec 2023 ( 2 c ) , June 2024 ( 5 iii ) , Dec 2024 ( 5 c )
23 . Explain the Normal Distribution in the context of probability.
Found in Dec 2022 ( 1 b ) , June 2023 ( 3 b ) , June 2024 ( 2 b )
24 . What is Binomial Distribution? Write its formula and explain its characteristics.
Found in June 2022 ( 1 b ) , Dec 2023 ( 3 b ) , June 2024 ( 2 b )
25 . Define the term similarity and explain how to find it between documents or sets.
Found in Dec 2022 ( 4 c ) , June 2022 ( 1 e ) , June 2024 ( 1 d )
26 . What are the characteristics and features of the Hadoop Distributed File System (HDFS)?
Found in Dec 2022 ( 1 c ) , June 2022 ( 3 a ) , Dec 2024 ( 1 e )
27 . What is the use of a Bar Chart? How can you draw it using R programming?
Found in June 2022 ( 5 b ) , June 2023 ( 2 a i ) , June 2024 ( 1 f iii ) , Dec 2024 ( 5 a i )
28 . What is Clustering? Explain how R-programming can be used to perform K-mean clustering.
Found in June 2022 ( 5 d ) , Dec 2023 ( 5 c ) , June 2024 ( 5 ii )
29 . What is Linear Regression? Explain how R programming can be used to perform it.
Found in June 2022 ( 5 c ) , June 2023 ( 2 b ) , Dec 2024 ( 1 f )
30 . What is a Histogram? Discuss its utility and how it differs from a Bar Graph.
Found in June 2022 ( 2 d ) , June 2023 ( 1 c ) , Dec 2024 ( 2 b iv )
MCS-227
1 . Define Edge Computing.
Found in Dec 2022 ( 1 d ) , June 2023 ( 2 a ) , June 2024 ( 1 d )
2 . Explain the working of Edge Computing.
Found in Dec 2023 ( 1 d ) , June 2023 ( 2 a ) , Dec 2024 ( 4 b )
3 . Explain the differences between Fog computing and Edge computing.
Found in June 2022 ( 1 d ) , June 2024 ( 1 d ) , Dec 2024 ( 5 iii )
4 . Explain the Proactive Scaling strategy.
Found in Dec 2022 ( 2 a i ) , June 2023 ( 1 b i ) , June 2024 ( 3 b )
5 . Explain the Reactive Scaling strategy.
Found in Dec 2022 ( 2 a ii ) , June 2023 ( 1 b ii ) , June 2024 ( 3 b )
6 . What is load balancing?
Found in Dec 2022 ( 1 b ) , Dec 2023 ( 1 b ) , June 2023 ( 3 b )
7 . Explain why it is imperative in cloud computing to balance the cloud-load.
Found in Dec 2022 ( 1 b ) , Dec 2023 ( 1 b ) , June 2023 ( 3 b )
8 . Mention or explain any five applications of cloud computing.
Found in Dec 2022 ( 2 c ) , Dec 2023 ( 3 a ) , June 2024 ( 1 c )
9 . Define a sensor with reference to an IoT device.
Found in Dec 2022 ( 3 a ) , Dec 2023 ( 4 b ) , June 2023 ( 4 a )
10 . Explain various characteristics of sensors. Found in Dec 2022 ( 3 a ) , Dec 2023 ( 4 b ) , June 2023 ( 4 a )
11 . Discuss the Platform as a Service (PaaS) service delivery model.
Found in Dec 2022 ( 4 a i ) , June 2023 ( 1 a ) , Dec 2024 ( 3 a )
12 . Discuss the Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS) service delivery model.
Found in Dec 2022 ( 4 a ii ) , June 2023 ( 1 a ) , Dec 2024 ( 3 a )
13 . Discuss the Software as a Service (SaaS) service delivery model.
Found in June 2023 ( 1 a ) , Dec 2024 ( 3 a ) , June 2024 ( 1 c )
14 . Define Cloud Computing and list its categories/characteristics.
Found in June 2022 ( 1 a ) , Dec 2024 ( 1 a ) , June 2024 ( 1 c )
15 . Explain the Public Cloud deployment model.
Found in June 2022 ( 1 a ) , June 2023 ( 5 a ) , June 2024 ( 1 b )
16 . Explain the Private Cloud deployment model.
Found in June 2022 ( 1 a ) , June 2023 ( 5 a ) , June 2024 ( 1 b )
17 . Explain the Hybrid Cloud deployment model.
Found in June 2022 ( 1 a ) , Dec 2023 ( 3 d ) , June 2024 ( 1 b )
18 . Explain the working of Fog Computing.
Found in Dec 2023 ( 5 d ) , June 2023 ( 1 d ) , June 2024 ( 2 a )
19 . Mention the applications of Fog Computing.
Found in Dec 2022 ( 5 a ) , Dec 2023 ( 5 d ) , June 2023 ( 1 d )
20 . Define Virtualization.
Found in June 2022 ( 4 a ) , June 2023 ( 2 b ) , Dec 2024 ( 1 b )
21 . Explain the underlying abstraction of the virtualization environment.
Found in June 2022 ( 4 a ) , June 2023 ( 2 b ) , Dec 2024 ( 1 b )
22 . Differentiate between cluster, grid and cloud computing.
Found in June 2022 ( 2 a ) , June 2023 ( 3 a ) , June 2024 ( 5 d )
23 . Discuss security challenges and issues in IoT environments.
Found in Dec 2022 ( 1 c i ) , June 2024 ( 2 b ) , Dec 2024 ( 5 i )
24 . Explain Horizontal Scaling in a cloud environment.
Found in June 2022 ( 5 b ) , June 2024 ( 5 a ) , Dec 2024 ( 4 a )
25 . Explain Vertical Scaling in a cloud environment.
Found in June 2024 ( 5 a ) , Dec 2024 ( 4 a ) , Dec 2024 ( 5 ii )
26 . What is resource provisioning in cloud computing?
Found in Dec 2022 ( 1 a ) , Dec 2024 ( 3 b ) , June 2024 ( 5 b )
27 . Explain the Static Resource Provisioning approach.
Found in Dec 2022 ( 1 a ) , Dec 2024 ( 3 b ) , June 2024 ( 5 b )
28 . Explain the Dynamic Resource Provisioning approach.
Found in Dec 2022 ( 1 a ) , Dec 2024 ( 3 b ) , June 2024 ( 5 b )
29 . What is machine or server level virtualization?
Found in Dec 2023 ( 4 a ) , Dec 2024 ( 1 b ) , June 2024 ( 1 a )
30 . Explain the concept of Auto-scaling in the cloud.
Found in June 2022 ( 2 b ) , June 2024 ( 5 a ) , Dec 2024 ( 4 a )